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AI Timeline
Even before computers became widespread, humans imagined machines that could think for themselves. Today, artificial intelligence is driving innovations that are shaping our daily lives. Let's take a look back at the evolutionary stages of AI: from the initial ideas to the scientific discoveries, from the first theories to the algorithms that are shaping our present and designing our future.
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1642

Blaise Pascal

First mechanical calculator

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1674

Friedrich Wilhelm von Leibniz

First mechanical calculator exploiting recursion

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1820

Charles Babbage

First model of a finite differences solver (called Difference Engine)

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1837

Charles Babbage

First model of a general-purpose computing machine (called Analytical Engine)

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1843

Georg and Edvard Scheutz

Difference engine implementation

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1936

Alan Turing

First model of a general-purpose computing machine based on 0/1 symbols (called Turing Machine)

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1943

Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts

First artificial neuron (called Linear Threshold Unit)

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1950

Alan Turing

Turing test (also called Imitation Game)

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BIRTH OF AI - 1956

John McCarthy Claude Shannon Nathan Rochester

Dartmouth Workshop

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1956

Allen Newell Herbert Simon

First algorithm for logic proving (called Logic Theorist)

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1959

Arthur Samuel

First algorithm for checkers

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1966

Joseph Weizenbaum

ELIZA (chatbot)

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1980

John P. McDermott

XCON (expert system)

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1985

Harold Cohen

Demonstration of AARON: Autonomous Drawing Program at the AAAI National Conference

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1987

Alacritous Inc./Allstar Advice Inc. Toronto

Alacrity 2.0: The First Commercial Strategic Advisory System

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1997

IBM

Deep Blue (superhuman chess bot)

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2004

NASA

Autonomous Navigation of Mars: NASA’s Spirit and Opportunity Rovers

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2007

University of Alberta

Resolution of Checkers

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2011

IBM

Watson (natural language processor)

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2012

Alex Krizhevsky

AlexNet Revolutionizes Image Recognition: Victory at the ImageNet Challenge

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2016

DeepMind

AlphaGo (superhuman Go game bot)

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2017

Tuomas Sandholm, Noam Brown

Libratus (superhuman Poker game bot)

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2018

Google

Birth of Commercial Autonomy: Waymo’s Self-Driving Taxi Launch in Phoenix

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2019

DeepMind

AlphaStar (tophuman Start Craft II bot)

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2020

OpenAI

GPT-3

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2021

DeepMind

AlphaFold (protein structure predictor)

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2025

Open AI

Chat GPT 4.5 passes Turing test